3D Vanadium Flow Battery Simulator

Electrochemical Equations

Negative Electrode

V²⁺ → V³⁺ + e⁻✓

V³⁺ + e⁻ → V²⁺✓

Positive Electrode

VO²⁺ + H₂O → VO₂⁺ + 2H⁺ + e⁻✓

VO₂⁺ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → VO²⁺ + H₂O✓

Overall Cell Reaction

V²⁺ + VO₂⁺ + 2H⁺ →

V³⁺ + VO²⁺ + H₂O✓

Flow Rate: 50%

Charge Voltage: 1.50V

Current Limit: 1.00A

Show Side Reactions

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System Status

Mode:STOPPED

Voltage:1.26 V

Current:0.00 A

State of Charge

50%

Vanadium Species

V²⁺ (Violet) - 2 electrons

V³⁺ (Green) - 3 electrons

VO²⁺ (Blue) - 4 electrons

VO₂⁺ (Yellow) - 5 electrons

pH Levels

Positive Tank:1.0

Negative Tank:1.0

0 (Acidic)7 (Neutral)14 (Basic)

Theory vs PracticeStandard reduction potentials predict ~1.26V, but real systems require higher voltages due to overpotential, kinetics, and side reactions.